Destabilizing forces
The leading theory in astronomy relies on magnetic fields as the destabilizing force that slows down the disks. One problem in the theory has been that gas needs to be ionized, or charged with a free electron, in order to interact with a magnetic field. However, there are regions in a protoplanetary disk that are too cold for ionization to occur.
"Current models show that because the gas in the disk is too cool to interact with magnetic fields, the disk is very stable," said Marcus. "Many regions are so stable that astronomers call them dead zones — so it has been unclear how disk matter destabilizes and collapses onto the star."
The researchers said current models also fail to account for changes in a protoplanetary disk's gas density based upon its height.
"This change in density creates the opening for violent instability," said study co-author Pedram Hassanzadeh, who did this work as a UC Berkeley Ph.D. student in mechanical engineering. When they accounted for density change in their computer models, 3-D vortices emerged in the protoplanetary disk, and those vortices spawned more vortices, leading to the eventual disruption of the protoplanetary disk's angular momentum.
"Because the vortices arise from these dead zones, and because new generations of giant vortices march across these dead zones, we affectionately refer to them as 'zombie vortices,'" said Marcus. "Zombie vortices destabilize the orbiting gas, which allows it to fall onto the protostar and complete its formation."
The researchers note that changes in the vertical density of a liquid or gas occur throughout nature, from the oceans — where water near the bottom is colder, saltier and denser than water near the surface — to our atmosphere, where air is thinner at higher altitudes. These density changes often create instabilities that result in turbulence and vortices such as whirlpools, hurricanes and tornadoes. Jupiter's variable-density atmosphere hosts numerous vortices, including its famous Great Red Spot.
Connecting the steps leading to a star's birth
This new model has caught the attention of Marcus's colleagues at UC Berkeley, including Richard Klein, adjunct professor of astronomy and a theoretical astrophysicist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Klein and fellow star formation expert Christopher McKee, UC Berkeley professor of physics and astronomy, were not part of the work described in Physical Review Letters, but are collaborating with Marcus to put the zombie vortices through more tests.
Klein and McKee have worked over the last decade to calculate the crucial first steps of star formation, which describes the collapse of giant gas clouds into Frisbee-like disks. They will collaborate with Marcus's team by providing them with their computed velocities, temperatures and densities of the disks that surround protostars. This collaboration will allow Marcus's team to study the formation and march of zombie vortices in a more realistic model of the disk.
"Other research teams have uncovered instabilities in protoplanetary disks, but part of the problem is that those instabilities required continual agitations," said Klein. "The nice thing about the zombie vortices is that they are self-replicating, so even if you start with just a few vortices, they can eventually cover the dead zones in the disk."
The other UC Berkeley co-authors on the study are Suyang Pei, Ph.D. student, and Chung-Hsiang Jiang, postdoctoral researcher, in the Department of Mechanical Engineering.
The National Science Foundation helped support this research.
The leading theory in astronomy relies on magnetic fields as the destabilizing force that slows down the disks. One problem in the theory has been that gas needs to be ionized, or charged with a free electron, in order to interact with a magnetic field. However, there are regions in a protoplanetary disk that are too cold for ionization to occur.
"Current models show that because the gas in the disk is too cool to interact with magnetic fields, the disk is very stable," said Marcus. "Many regions are so stable that astronomers call them dead zones — so it has been unclear how disk matter destabilizes and collapses onto the star."
The researchers said current models also fail to account for changes in a protoplanetary disk's gas density based upon its height.
"This change in density creates the opening for violent instability," said study co-author Pedram Hassanzadeh, who did this work as a UC Berkeley Ph.D. student in mechanical engineering. When they accounted for density change in their computer models, 3-D vortices emerged in the protoplanetary disk, and those vortices spawned more vortices, leading to the eventual disruption of the protoplanetary disk's angular momentum.
"Because the vortices arise from these dead zones, and because new generations of giant vortices march across these dead zones, we affectionately refer to them as 'zombie vortices,'" said Marcus. "Zombie vortices destabilize the orbiting gas, which allows it to fall onto the protostar and complete its formation."
The researchers note that changes in the vertical density of a liquid or gas occur throughout nature, from the oceans — where water near the bottom is colder, saltier and denser than water near the surface — to our atmosphere, where air is thinner at higher altitudes. These density changes often create instabilities that result in turbulence and vortices such as whirlpools, hurricanes and tornadoes. Jupiter's variable-density atmosphere hosts numerous vortices, including its famous Great Red Spot.
Connecting the steps leading to a star's birth
This new model has caught the attention of Marcus's colleagues at UC Berkeley, including Richard Klein, adjunct professor of astronomy and a theoretical astrophysicist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Klein and fellow star formation expert Christopher McKee, UC Berkeley professor of physics and astronomy, were not part of the work described in Physical Review Letters, but are collaborating with Marcus to put the zombie vortices through more tests.
Klein and McKee have worked over the last decade to calculate the crucial first steps of star formation, which describes the collapse of giant gas clouds into Frisbee-like disks. They will collaborate with Marcus's team by providing them with their computed velocities, temperatures and densities of the disks that surround protostars. This collaboration will allow Marcus's team to study the formation and march of zombie vortices in a more realistic model of the disk.
"Other research teams have uncovered instabilities in protoplanetary disks, but part of the problem is that those instabilities required continual agitations," said Klein. "The nice thing about the zombie vortices is that they are self-replicating, so even if you start with just a few vortices, they can eventually cover the dead zones in the disk."
The other UC Berkeley co-authors on the study are Suyang Pei, Ph.D. student, and Chung-Hsiang Jiang, postdoctoral researcher, in the Department of Mechanical Engineering.
The National Science Foundation helped support this research.
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